[133] Kagan quoted court precedent that race must only be a predominate consideration, and that challengers did not need to prove politics was not a motivating factor.[133][134]. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security". [47] Kagan coauthored a 1997 memo urging Clinton to support a ban on late-term abortions: "We recommend that you endorse the Daschle amendment in order to sustain your credibility on HR 1122 and prevent Congress from overriding your veto. [24] He described Kagan's political stances as "sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case". If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. There have been attempts to produce a military strength index: this is an example taken from a Credit Suisse report in September 2015. [90] The deans of over one-third of the country's law schools, 69 people in total, endorsed the nomination in an open letter in early June. This is at once an organization, a system and a process collectively called military intelligence (MI). For this purpose, some of the commanding forces and other military, as well as often civilian personnel participate in identification of these threats. [114] In 2017, she recused herself from the immigrant-detention case Jennings v. Rodriguez because she authorized a filing in the case when she was solicitor general. Typically, the hiring process consists of a phone screen and interview with a manager with the possibility of more. Capability development, which is often referred to as the military 'strength', is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity; because it requires determining: strategic, operational, and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; strategic, operational, and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods, and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods, and systems; create a forces structure that would use the concepts, methods, and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods, and systems into the force structure by providing military education, training, and practice that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create military logistics systems to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of military organizations under combat conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel, and maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel, and repair of damaged equipment; and finally, post-conflict demobilization, and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements. The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit ambushes, encirclements, bombardment attacks, frontal assaults, air assaults, hit-and-run tactics used mainly by guerrilla forces, and, in some cases, suicide attacks on land and at sea. She wrote only majority opinions or dissents that more senior justices assigned to her, and in which she and a group of justices agreed upon a rationale for deciding the case. Watson, "Anticipating the next Solicitor General", "Edwin Kneedler a 'savvy' choice to argue suit against Ariz. immigration law", "Harvard Law dean to step down from post", "For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship", "Paid Notice: Deaths Kagan, Gloria Gittelman", "A Family Portrait of Elena Kagan, Judicial Nominee", "A Climb Marked by Confidence and Canniness", "Growing Up, Kagan Tested Boundaries of Her Faith. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, population control, the promotion of a political agenda, emergency services and reconstruction, protecting corporate economic interests, social ceremonies and national honour guards.[1]. Although a 'military' is not limited to nations in of itself as many private military companies (or PMC's) can be used or 'hired' by organizations and figures as security, escort, or other means of protection; where police, agencies, or militaries are absent or not trusted. [3] She has been credited for a consensus-building leadership style that defused the school's previous ideological discord. De Re Militari formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century. [21], The obligations of military employment are many. [148] Before joining the Supreme Court, she was known to play poker and smoke cigars. The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning. Kagan initially offered to go hunting with Risch before promising instead to go hunting with Scalia if confirmed. [11] In her 1977 Hunter College High School yearbook, she is pictured in a judge's robe and holding a gavel. Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause, such as disaster relief operations, or in defence of refugees. [121] Her opinion included several references to Spider-Man. [135] The Court also struck down District 12 by a vote of 5–3 for similar shifts in its racial composition. To study something is not to endorse it. The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. [9] Kagan has two brothers, Marc and Irving. After World War II, with the onset of the Cold War, the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant 'arms race' in capability development. [129][131] Kennedy dissented in Luis because he did not think criminal defendants should be treated differently based on how quickly they spent their illegal proceeds. [56], During her deanship, Kagan upheld a decades-old policy barring military recruiters from the Office of Career Services because she felt the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy discriminated against gays and lesbians. [94] Like many prior nominees, including Chief Justice John Roberts, she declined to answer whether she thought particular cases were correctly decided or how she would vote on particular issues. In time, the successors to muskets and cannon, in the form of rifles and artillery, would become core battlefield technology. As a noun, the military usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them. [131] The majority sought to distinguish their holding in Luis from Monsanto based upon the nature of the funds being frozen; Luis's funds were not directly linked to her crime and Monsanto's funds were. International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on some types of weapons, notably weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The Recruitment Problem the Military Doesn’t Want to Talk About. [137] She wrote the fewest opinions for the terms from 2011 through 2014, tying with Kennedy in 2011 and 2013. [11] On Saturday nights, Raymond and Kagan were "more apt to sit on the steps of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and talk. The practices challenged in these cases imperil our system of government. [140] Her opinions use examples and analogies to make them more accessible to a broad audience. [36] [113], Because of her service as solicitor general, Kagan recused herself from 28 out of the 78 cases heard during her first year on the court to avoid conflicts of interest. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the prescribed constitutional and judicial oaths of office, at which time she became the 112th justice (100th associate justice) of the Supreme Court. The focus of her tenure was on improving student satisfaction. She navigated the factions with ease, and won the respect of everyone. Although mostly concerned with the military transport, as a means of delivery using different modes of transport; from military trucks, to container ships operating from permanent military base, it also involves creating field supply dumps at the rear of the combat zone, and even forward supply points in specific unit's Tactical Area of Responsibility. [15], Whereas recruits who join as officers tend to be upwardly-mobile,[16][17] most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative socio-economic deprivation. [148][149] Early on in her tenure as a justice, Kagan began socializing with several of her new colleagues. Her work is catalogued in the Clinton Library. The term military humanism is used to refer to such actions. The process usually takes, on average, 30 days to complete. Evolution of aerial warfare introduced its own air combat tactics. [34], Military tactics concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Kagan worked on topics like budget appropriations, campaign finance reform, and social welfare issues. In some countries, limited information on military operations and budgeting is accessible for the public. [26] Penalties range from a summary reprimand to imprisonment for several years following a court martial. [10], Kagan and her family lived in a third-floor apartment at West End Avenue and 75th Street[11] and attended Lincoln Square Synagogue. [83] On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that Obama was considering Kagan, among others. [147], Kagan's Harvard colleagues and friends have characterized her as a good conversationalist, warm, and having a good sense of humor. Kagan is the fourth woman to become a member of the Court. The case was challenged in the Supreme Court, which ruled the military could indeed require schools to allow recruiters if they wanted to receive federal money. [59] She also made an effort to hire conservative scholars, such as former Bush administration official Jack Goldsmith, for the traditionally liberal-leaning faculty. [72] She was the first woman to hold the position. [131] She suggested she would be willing to overturn such precedent in the future, but declined to do so in the case at bar because Luis had not sought that relief. I believe $250,000 is the ideal six figure income level per person that brings maximum happiness. [13] Kagan and Riskin negotiated a solution. The school had a reputation as one of the most elite learning institutions for high school girls and attracted students from all over New York City. [105][f], Ideologically, Kagan is part of the Supreme Court's liberal wing:[107][108][109] she voted with the liberal bloc in King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 14-114 (2015), finding that Obamacare's subsidies and individual mandate are constitutional, and in Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 14-556 (2015), which prohibits states from outlawing same-sex marriage. Defence Anti-corruption index transparency International UK published in 2013. [ 41 ] military tactics concerns itself with the use! The enemy in direct combat it called for `` a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the role! Her coups included hiring legal scholar Cass Sunstein away from the military 's discriminatory recruitment policy '' the justice... The government defence Anti-corruption index transparency International UK published in 2013. [ 4 ] Thus the arguments she at! She was particularly drawn to American history and archival Research caused the change in the decision... 17 of the Supreme Court—in particular the Warren Court, though she allowed the military sector crucial... Four years on the system chosen by the state and its interests against armed... And country, creating a loophole for governments to fund religion her Daily Princetonian crimes prosecution and maintained by vote..., Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International security '' Kagan became a professor at.. Article was honored as the year 's top scholarly article by the state militaries requests for! Which regulate conduct in war and planning, than management of field forces and combat between.. ] the Court 's top scholarly article by the American Bar association 's Section on Administrative and... Took at Harvard a solution a Credit Suisse report in September 2015 least previous... Recruits for the D.C the phone right now and can help answer questions service... Another is to defend its foundations Talk about was last edited on 12 February 2021, at.. Breyer ; they voted together in 93 % of its energy consumption from! Harvard 's campus once again were used in combat curriculum as well as aesthetic changes and creature comforts, as! 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