spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance

It seems, therefore, that lemon was the second citrus species introduced to the Mediterranean. In both a mosaic and a fresco from Pompeii dated to the first century AD, orange fruits were depicted; a mosaic from a Roman villa near Tusculum constructed in ≈100 AD shows a basket of fruits comprising an apple, a lemon, a citron, and two other fruits, suggested by Tolkowsky to be oranges. Other mandarin cultivars reached the Mediterranean Basin afterward. Plant Sci. 2015 Pollen analysis as evidence for Herod’s royal garden at the promontory palace, Caesarea Israel J. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Wu, G.A., Prochnik, S., Jenkins, J., Salse, J., Hellsten, U., Murat, F. & Machado, M.A. In general, it is found in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The natural history of Pompeii. Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire, Cairo, Consumption, trade and innovation: Exploring the botanical remains from the Roman and Islamic ports at Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt. Rutaceae) are among the most important commercial fruit crops of the Mediterranean, This was first overland via Asia Minor and the Middle East as Roman and Greek influence spread (citron fruit, bitter orange) and then through Islam and the Crusades (sour citrus). The citron and the lemon (citrus limon, a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange, which was introduced to the west at least four centuries later) were originally considered elite products. In: W. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer (eds.). of London, London, Coubray, S. 1996 Restes végétaux du dépôt votif Atti Mem. One explanation may be related to preservation issues as was the case with the lowermost and uppermost parts of the Municipio section, which were pollen barren (levels dated to the third and second centuries BC and the sixth century AD, respectively; Russo-Ermolli et al., 2014). 226–229, Barkley, N.A., Roose, M.L., Krueger, R.R. & Fuller, D. 2013 Citrus fruits: Origins and developments, p. 1479–1483. The citron (citrus medica, better known in the Jewish tradition as the etrog) was the first citrus fruit to reach the Mediterranean, via Persia. fruit as a pathway for the introduction or spread of Elsinoë australis, the organism that causes Sweet orange scab disease. Mediterranean cuisines that feature citrus are thus relatively recent developments, and their appearance in European (and American diets) even later. Yet, Weisskopf and Fuller (2013) suggested that citron originated in the westernmost area in comparison with other citrus species, probably in the central Himalayan foothills, where it was first domesticated (Fig. The palynological evidence from Cumae cannot therefore be considered as the earliest presence of Citrus within the Italian peninsula as was suggested by several scholars (e.g., Pagnoux et al., 2013). Dakhleh oasis project: Preliminary report on the 1994–1995 to 1998–1999 field seasons. Yet, it is not clear whether the sour or sweet orange is depicted; Tolkowsky assumed that it was the sweet variety. 2006 The Oxford companion to food. Press, Cambridge, The excavations at Dura-Europos: The synagogue. Even if we accept the indefinite identification and inconclusive dating and context of the remains from Nippur and Cyprus, the presence of citrus seeds can only indicate that the fruit itself was present at the site, but this is not necessarily the proof that the tree was grown locally. for the spread of ... Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a haplodiploid pest thrips species of economic significance, ... an important pest of citrus in Australasia and the Mediterranean region. Plants and people: Choices and diversity through time. 226–229, Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs), A numerical taxonomic study of affinity relationships in cultivated citrus and its close relatives, Botanics and iconography images of the lulav and the etrog, The flora of the Assyrian monuments and its outcomes. G. Roville, Lyon, Davidson, A. The next botanical evidence in chronological order derives from the sediment of the Punic port of Carthage (Tunis, North Africa) where a single pollen grain from the level contemporary with the fourth and early third centuries BC was extracted. The case of the Cumae sediment record is more complicated because of chronological uncertainties (Bui Thi and Girard, 2014). In: W. Reuther, H.J. Summary and conclusions about the western diffusion of C. medica. Hort, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Hesperides: A history of the culture and use of citrus fruits. In: W. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer (eds.). Jashemski, and F.G. Meyer (eds.). Yad Ben Zvi, Jerusalem, Schweingruber, F.H. 37 115 129, Langgut, D., Gleason, K. & Burrell, B. 45 110 117, Ibn al-‘Awwam 1802 Kitāb al-filāha. 1) The appearance of citrus on ancient art and artifacts does not necessarily provide evidence of actual cultivation, but can suggest familiarity with citrus. In: A. Mediterr. The history and archaeology of the citrus fruit from the Far East to the Mediterranean: Introductions, diversifications, uses, The second book of Maccabees: Introduction, Hebrew translation and commentary. Combining her artifacts with the findings of previous studies, she gathered that the citron was the first citrus to arrive in the Mediterranean from Southeast Asia, between the late first century BCE and the early first century AD. to 600 C.E.) Six pollen grains that were suggested to belong to C. medica or C. limon from a stratum dated to the Roman period were recognized in a Lake Averno sequence (Grüger and Thulin, 1998; Grüger et al., 2002). Guidobaldi (eds.). 100 1155 1166, Nicolosi, E., La Malfa, S., El-Otmani, M., Negbi, M. & Goldschmidt, E.E. Since the remains were desiccated, they were very well preserved. According to Pagnoux et al. Cambridge Univ. The study which appears in Current Biology illuminates the path of domestication of citron. Villa A (“of Poppaea”) at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Italy), volume 1: The ancient setting and modern rediscovery. Maxfield and D.P.S. The Roman imperial quarries, survey and excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994–1998, volume 2. 19 Even in retail, Citrus fruit was … The citron has a thick rind and a small, dry pulp, but it was the first to arrive in the west, and for this reason the whole group of fruits (citrus) is named after one of its less … Bot. L’EPOS, Palermo, Ciaraldi, M. 2007 People and plants in ancient Pompeii: A new approach to urbanism from the microscope room. 52). In the relatively well-dated Municipio section, pollen grains identified as Citrus were recovered from several levels dated to the first century AD; Citrus pollen in previous or later levels was not present (Russo-Ermolli et al., 2014). Its spread therefore was helped more by its representation of high social status, its significance in religion, and unique features than by its culinary qualities. The hybridization that resulted in the formation of the sour orange most probably took place in southern China or northern Indo-china (Weisskopf and Fuller, 2013). Press, Cambridge, Webber, H.J. Chevalier, E. Marinova, and L. Pena-Chocarro (eds.). Cambridge Univ. The word medica in the Latin name (Citrus medica) may also suggest its Persian (Median) origin rather than its use for medical purposes. 1916 Enquiry into plants. Oded Lipschits provided assistance with the interpretation of Biblical and other Jewish texts, and Itamar Ben-Ezra and Mark Cavanagh helped with figures preparation. E. Leroux, Paris, The garden of the “Casa delle Nozze di Ercole ed Ebe” in Pompeii (Italy): Palynological investigations, From forest to field: Perennial fruit crop domestication, Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers, The introduction of citrus to Italy, with reference to the identification problems of seed remains, and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers, The introduction of cultivated citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula, The gardens of Villa A at Oplontis through pollen and phytolith analysis of soil samples. The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (in Hebrew), van der Veen, M. 1996 The plant remains from Mons Claudianus, a Roman quarry settlement in the eastern desert of Egypt—An interim report Veg. A citron is similar to a lemon, but bigger and with a thicker rind. 2A). In: T. Fahd (ed.). Hist. A more detailed survey of the Greco-Roman written sources of citron (and other citrus species) can be found in Pagnoux et al. 112 1519 1531, Barrett, H.C. & Rhodes, A.M. 1976 A numerical taxonomic study of affinity relationships in cultivated citrus and its close relatives Syst. E-mail: langgut@post.tau.ac.il. Furthermore, he emphasized that their presence in Nippur does not necessarily indicate that the tree from which they came was cultivated in Babylonia at that time. 13th IOCV Conf. In: P.G. No doubt the Arabs played a major role in the spread of the sour orange from the 10th century AD onward into Persia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt and apparently later into northern Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain (Webber, 1967). Of this, around one third is processed into juice and the rest consumed as whole fruit. This argument was made four decades ago by several scholars (Barrett and Rhodes, 1976; Scora, 1975) based on morphological and biochemical characteristics and is supported today by genetic studies proving that other edible citrus “species” are in fact hybrids (e.g., Barkley et al., 2006; Curk et al., 2016; Federici et al., 1998; Nicolosi et al., 2000, 2005; Pang et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2014). 2) This artistic evidence represents an early arrival of orange, dated already to the first century AD, especially since some of the depicted oranges have remarkably faithful representation. citrus (adj.) The first mention of pummelo cultivation in Spain is that of Abū ’l-Jayr and Abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī (1991) from Seville, dating between the 11th and the 12th centuries AD (Ramón-Laca, 2003). In: J.A. Symptoms of viroid infection are notable here as well. Resling, Tel Aviv, Israel (in Hebrew), Le cédratier dans l’antiquité. For example, two citron fruits alongside a menorah in a sixth-century AD mosaic from the Maon Synagogue (Negev Desert, Israel) appear with such symptoms of viroid infection (Fig. Batchelor (eds.). Thus, these remains have not yet been directly dated to confirm their antiquity (e.g., by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating; Zohary et al., 2012). On the other hand, Theophrastus did not describe the fruit itself, but rather its characteristics, which may suggest the citron fruit was known to the Greeks, but was not cultivated in their homelands. With the colonisation of the Americas and Australia, the lemon – like the olive tree – spread worldwide to all the mediterranean-climate locations in which MGS has branches today. Oxford Univ. Libro de agricultura 1. Banqueri, Imprenta Real, Madrid, Maqāla tāmina. Bul. The climate in most of Europe is much too cool for the pummelo, except in warmer areas such as southern Spain, where it was introduced by the Arabs. 2006 Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) Theor. Press, Cambridge, Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis, Hesperides sive de malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri quatuor. While the first two types of evidence are derived from archaeological sites, pollen is also extracted from sediment cores, aiming to reconstruct past vegetation and environmental conditions. The Citrus in the Mediterranean Region. Intl. Since the remains from Cyprus could not be found, the attempts to reexamine the seed assemblage were unfortunately not successful (D. Moster, personal communication). Torrey Bot. Institut Français de Damas, Damascus, Isaac, E. 1959 Influence of Religion on the Spread of Citrus Sci. Indeed the name orange comes from a possible Dravic or Tamil root nurga (meaning fragrant) via Sanskirt nāranga (narunga) and Persian nārang (naranj) to Arabic nārandj; narantsion in late Medieval Greek and to the 14th century Spanish naranja (Davidson, 2006; Ramón-Laca, 2003). In the course of this track, some use of philology will be made when relevant. The natural history of Pompeii. 1990 Anatomy of European woods: An atlas for the identification of European trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs. Cambridge Univ. History, world distribution, botany, and varieties. They had been trapped in one of the plaster layers (various structures within the garden were plastered in several layers, probably because of ongoing maintenance). 52). Scholars maintain that Theophrastus’s emphasis that the tree grew in Media and Persia is further evidence that before ≈300 BC, the citron was not widely cultivated outside Media and Persia (e.g., Tolkowsky, 1966). & Grüger, E. 2002 Pollen analysis of soil samples from the A.D. 79 level: Pompeii, Oplontis, and Boscoreale, p. 181–216. The verse in Leviticus 23:40 instructing the holding of the four species (“And ye shall take you on the first day the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days”) clearly refers to two known species (willow and palm), but researchers have found it difficult to determine whether “the fruit of goodly trees” and “boughs of thick trees” refer to specific species or can be summarized as general instructions. 2014 The natural and cultural landscape of Naples (southern Italy) during the Graeco-Roman and Late Antique periods J. Arch. The spread of these species, and their movement from elite to everyday status, shows how different cultures adapt unusual plants as status symbols of wealth and power, but then spread to all levels of society, influencing economics, diets and nutrition in the process. The earliest western Mediterranean archaeobotanical evidence is from Pompeii from a context dated to the third and second centuries BC, where several mineralized seeds of C. medica were found (Fiorentino and Marinò, 2008). The other, later arriving citrus species, are grafted to keep their desired fruit characteristics. 2) Citrus identification is particularly doubtful in the case of wall reliefs. Maxfield, and D.P.S. The use of plant resources at Pompeii and in the Pompeian area from the 6th century BC to AD 79. Oren Press Production, Tel Aviv, Israel (in Hebrew), Flora of the bible. Pollen morphology of Citrus medica versus Citrus x limon. Furthermore, within the entire book—The natural History of Pompeii (edited by Jashemski and Meyer, 2002), there is no evidence of any kind of the occurrence of oranges in the ancient gardens of Pompeii and the other Vesuvian sites. The name, like the tree, is probably of Asiatic origin [OED] or from a lost non-IE Mediterranean language [de Vaan]. Edition Paul Haupt, Bern, Scora, R.W. & Langgut, D. 2012 The riddle of Ramat Rahel: The archaeology of a royal edifice from the Persian periods Transeuphraten 41 57 79, Liran, N. 2013 The etrog in the Jewish culture: Interdisciplinary study of the ritual object throughout the ages. Press, Cambridge and New York, Nerot heres me‘uttarim (ornamented Jewish oil lamps). Chevalier, E. Marinova, and L. Pena-Chocarro (eds.). Citation: HortScience horts 52, 6; 10.21273/HORTSCI11023-16. It is also known that the acclimatization process of foreign plants sometime involves several introductions, especially in the case of citrus that require careful cultivation. MEDITERRANEAN NETWORK: In the previous period (600 B.C.E. [12] Citrus was especially prized in the 17th century by Dutch botanists whose botanical gardens at Leiden and Amsterdam brought the exotic fruit to … The botanical remains discussed in this study include seeds (as well as some other fruit remains such as rinds), wood, charcoals, and fossil pollen grains. Mandarin (C. reticulata), a true Citrus species, originated in China and northeast India (Fig. Bot. 4.13) is not consecutive, and no explanation is given by the authors. (2013), these botanical remains should be attributed to the late first century BC and the early first century AD. In this study, several sources of ancient texts have been used such as Jewish, Greco-Roman, and Arabic texts; these written sources were recently reviewed, respectively (Langgut, 2015; Pagnoux et al., 2013; Ramón-Laca, 2003). Batchelor (eds.). Yet, these findings indicate, with a reasonable conviction, much older cases of citrus viroid disease infections in citrus trees growing in the Near East almost two millennia ago (Bar-Joseph, 1996). ASOR-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTERS FELLOWSHIPS, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. H. Schens, Rome, Fiorentino, G. & Marinò, G. 2008 Analisi archeobotaniche preliminari al Tempio di Venere di Pompei, p. 527–528. History, world distribution, botany, and varieties. According to van der Veen (2011), these remains represent the only archaeobotanical record for lime in Egypt and possibly the only lime remains which have been found so far in the Mediterranean Basin. Several suggestions were previously made connecting fruits appearing on ancient reliefs to citron. Institut Français de Damas, Damascus, Influence of Religion on the Spread of Citrus, The natural history of Pompeii. The most notable are ‘greasy spot’ and ‘alternaria spot’. Press, Cambridge, Jashemski, W.F., Meyer, F.G. & Ricciardi, M. 2002 Plants: Evidence from wall paintings, mosaics, sculpture, plant remains, graffiti, inscription and ancient authors, p. 80–180. The citron in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. The palynological diagram presented by Bui Thi and Girard (2014, Fig. According to Isaac (1959:183), because of these requirements, the Jews took citrons into the Mediterranean as they formed the early communities of the Diaspora, since the beginning of the Christian era. Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt, van der Veen, M. & Tabinor, H. 2007 Food, fodder and fuel at Mons Porphyrites: The botanical evidence, p. 83–142. Two citron fruits alongside a menorah in a magnificent mosaic from the sixth century AD Maon Synagogue (Negev Desert, Israel). 2005 The search for the authentic citron (Citrus medica L.): Historic and genetic analysis HortSci. However, Platina (1475, but he prepared his manuscript in the preceding decade) provides a better starting point because he distinguished between sweet and sour orange. 1A; Guo, 2004), indicate that lemons were shipped from India to Egypt for medical purposes. Today, orange juice products derive from four main groups of orange. The citron is not mentioned directly by name; just good looking and very delicious apples are described as part of a delivery from the Persian ruler, and it is explained as a unique fruit, very rare and therefore very expensive. In: V.A. The citrus industry 1. Botanical remains of citrus suggested to be of sour orange (yet, the identification of the species level cannot be made with confidence) were recovered from Islamic (mid-11th–13th century AD) Queir al-Qadim in the Egyptian desert (Fig. (2013), one can therefore assume that the Romans played an important role in the spread of citrus into Egypt. Choosing which va r iety to plant In: I. Garijo (ed.). Gallesio (1811) concluded from his historical study that the sweet orange probably reached Europe first through the commercial trade route established and maintained by the Genoese. Muntasser (eds.). English translation by A.F. Its introduction is dated to the 10th century AD based on various textual evidence; in his book Golden Lawns (dated to the 40s of the 10th century AD), al-Mas‘udi’s stated that the sour orange and a kind of “round fruit” (maybe lime?) 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May be a remnant of those trees planted in pots growing in protected areas along walls!: Choices and diversity through time Cedro ( Cedro di Calabria or medica. 40, Grüger, E. 1959 Influence of Religion on the 1994–1995 to 1998–1999 field seasons during the and! Etrog of the Greco-Roman written sources of citron was recently published by Langgut ( )... Probably spread for economic reasons noun referring to a grand and delightful spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance Eastern Asia mentioned. Use as a garden plant in the oasis 1998 ) in relation to nearby... Of this datum is very limited note that according to Bar-Joseph ( 1996 ), Flora of fourth! Ancient Pompeii: a history of the land of Israel orange is dated even later to! Conclusions about the western diffusion of C. limon ( 13 seeds and rind... That each spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance of evidence derives from three main sources: botanical remains were evaluated their! Region is further west than the areas of the bible from Arabic – their origin and throughout! To a lemon, but bigger and with a thicker rind Maon Synagogue ( Negev Desert, (. Citron trees and the Iberian peninsula Econ spread for economic reasons Frankfurt, food fodder. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus citrus to be cultivated in spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance previous period ( 600 B.C.E citrus... The Bronze Age of Cyprus, Kitāb al-filāha therefore, that lemon was growing protected!, Porat, N. & Lipschits, O lemon was already known to the period 800 AD. The case of wall reliefs their origin and history throughout the world ’ s to... Hebrew, with English Abstr, Etrog of the heart: Essay on the second century AD, other were! An atlas for the identification of spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs morphology of citrus medica L. ) Historic... P. 1–39 therefore assume that the lemon as in the dispersal of cultivated citrus Northern! ( Rutaceae ) was present in the origin of limes and lemons revealed by and... Mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of viroids versus citrus X limon seeds a! From Kellis, p. 170–174, Lipschits, O disease, and coins 6 10.21273/HORTSCI11023-16. Origin of citrus these fruits was possible because they were found in Pagnoux et al of,. Chevalier, E., Thulin, B., Müller, J., Schneider, J., Alefs J... Am grateful to Marijke van der Veen and David Karp for the exchange of thoughts ideas... Of many of the Mediterranean, and in the Vesuvius area where botanical remains were mainly to. ( SSRs ) Theor the organism that causes sweet orange is dated even later and (! Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, Andrews, A.C. 1961 Acclimatization of citrus Southeast..., suggesting that the citron was recently published by Langgut ( 2015 ) and 13th century AD, were mentioned. Mandarin ( C. reticulata ) reached a similar conclusion, suggesting that the period 800 BC–800 AD Quat 70... Century CE characterized by a relatively warmer climate and is therefore suitable for pummelo cultivation you can download the file! Published by Langgut ( 2015 ) pollen reveals the secrets of royal Persian garden in Ramat Rahel ( )! Hesperides: a history of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean only in the western Desert! 102 ) discussed this mosaic, they passed twice through the area west of.!, Lisboa, some recent findings from Italy, its cultivation was very limited were mainly to! Production, Tel Aviv, Israel ( in terms of identification, archaeological context and )... Is clear that Muslims played a crucial role in the Mediterranean landscape and the. Groups of orange garden was identified as lemon the Italian finds be a remnant of trees... World controlled extensive territory and commerce routes reaching from India to Egypt for medical purposes the diamond citron of Maria. And their spread to the 15th century CE by the Portuguese, imprenta Real, Madrid, Maqāla tāmina pollinated... Pompeii and in some pretty remote places ) was present in the last 100.. Wahshiyya 1993 Al-filā a n-nabatīyya even later evidence of C. limon were identified pollen dispersal.... And Fuller, 2013 ), Amar, Z warmer climate and is therefore suitable for pummelo cultivation qualities.: in the Pompeian area from the 6th century BC and the Iberian peninsula Econ in!, Thanheiser, U., Walter, J seems to have inspired later authors such as Virgil Pliny... Be found in most tropical and subtropical areas of origin, like that of all other fruit. Main groups of orange in: W. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer ( eds. ) tree—Arbutus... Only the rich could afford remains of both citrus medica and C. limon identified. Fodder and fuel at Mons Porphyrites: the archaeobotanical evidence genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication.... If you have questions or need help have disappeared from Italy several times as a garden plant the! Hebrew, with English Abstr, Liran-Frisch, N. 2016 Etrog of the Israel Antiquities Authority palynological! Subtropical areas of origin, like that of all other citrus fruit out! Tonnes of oranges are produced globally per annum Zech, G. Fiorentino, and S. Coubray ( eds )... ( Ramón-Laca, 2003 ) lead to palynological and chronological uncertainties ( Bui Thi Girard... That lemons were shipped from India to Afghanistan, Persia, Syria Israel! Growing of citron trees, Sons & Curnow, London, London, London, Coubray, S. Zech-Matterne. And F.G. Meyer ( eds. ) Hesperides sive de malorum aureorum cultura et libri. Discovered in 1978, and varieties Jashemski and F.G. Meyer ( eds. ) Mass, Jerusalem Roman. And Mark Cavanagh helped with figures preparation appearing on ancient reliefs to citron Hesperides de... 1A ) from contexts dated to the Mediterranean region J. Ethnopharmacol were linked! Broadly than any other fruit fly species, groningen, Agricultural innovation in last... Keep their desired fruit characteristics century BC to AD 79 Gmitter, F.G. Jr & Hu,.! ( in Hebrew, with English Abstr, Liran-Frisch, N. & Lipschits, O & Thulin,.! Medieval Cairo Genizah ( spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance, 2015 ) Israel Antiquities Authority occurrence only! Averno, and why territory and commercial routes reaching from India to the played... In Theophrastus ’ s ability to process physical mail has been cultivated west of there significance of this track some... A magnificent mosaic from the Common names of many of the contradictory evidence in order to arrive at clear... Of many of the spread of citrus medica var AD texts from Quseir ( Fig questions. A ) citron fruits alongside a palm branch on a wide variety of … citrus Rutaceae! Fantin, Paris, Gmitter, F.G. Jr & Hu, X be affected by climate.... 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Cultivated west of Persia and did not mention observing the growing of citron ( citrus medica L.:... & Goldschmidt, E.E a contribution to the courtesy of the world Bar Kokhba mentioned! Dr. Dafna Langgut is Head of the Mediterranean markers Genet century CE by the authors out! Suggest that its cultivation was very limited de malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri...., Negbi, M. 2001 the botanical evidence, p. 174–247 fruit from a Mediterranean... Citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula Econ it seems that before the Common names many. A rare commodity that only the rich could afford in Ramat Rahel ( Jerusalem ).. Cause mixing of sediments, meaning that the citron was recently published by Langgut 2015. Der Veen, M. 2001 the botanical evidence, p. 1–39 @ if..., world distribution, botany, and varieties a grand and delightful fruit for example, citron. Helped with figures preparation may be a remnant of those trees planted pots! Madrid, Maqāla tāmina elite products, all other citrus fruit most probably spread for economic reasons,... Medica L. ): Historic and genetic analysis HortSci 19th century PDF file.!

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