grammar translation method

Grammar-Translation method and find out the impact of this method on acquiring grammatical rules by EFL Jordanian students at governmental schools. The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin.In grammar–translation classes, … Grammar Translation Method (GTM) Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Characteristic of Teaching Learning Process. Characteristics of the Grammar Translation Method … The … This Grammar- Translation Method is also called Classical Method of teaching English.This method has enjoyed a very good reputation among the Indian teachers and the students, still enjoying. After that, the Direct Method was built with the attempts to overcome the weakness of the Grammar Translation Method. Grammar Translation Method first appeared in the 18th century and was originally used for teaching old languages like Greek, Latin then failed in teaching communication skills. 103-105 Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. … Having a passive way for the learners GTM teaches the target language by the mother tongue. The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical method of teaching Ancient Greek and Latin. According to this method students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules for By Jonathan Marks. Grammar-Translation method and find out the impact of this method … 3. A lesson plan for Grade-12 English class, based on Grammar-Translation Method. Being conscious of L2 rules.B. It is recommended that teachers should know their existing teaching beliefs because it is the need of the hour to improve our educational standards by making positive changes in the teaching of grammar. This method is derived from a method of teaching Latin and Greek which is also called as Classical Method ; it is used to teach foreign languages . Grammar-Translation Approach In this method, classes are taught in the students' mother tongue, with little active use of the target language. conclusion: Thus, Grammar Translation Method in language teaching: Grammar-cum translation method is a classical or oldest method which emphasis on grammar and translation. The method has two main goals: … Now test your self : 1/ Learning under the grammar translation method is:A. Both the grammar translation method and communicative language teaching are teaching methods for acquiring a foreign language. The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) is an method of second language instruction based mostly on the translation of passages from the native language into the target language. The Grammar-Translation Method"a method of foreign or secondlanguage teaching which makesuse of translation and grammarstudy as the main teaching andlearning activities." In 1977, Tracey Terrell proposed the natural approach of language teaching. THE DIRECT METHOD The first principle that we choose is The Grammar Translation Method . The Grammar-Translation Method has had different names, but it has been used by language teachers for marry years. In this method a teacher is the main communicator of a classroom. Fast Download Speed ~ Commercial & Ad Free. It is a way in studying the foreign language through detailed analysis of its grammar … Oke, langsung saja mari kita pelajari bersama-sama beberapa karakteristik grammar-translation method di bawah ini : The unit of teaching is word, not a sentence. Here are some characteristics of the GT method: Focuses on reading and writing. Keywords: English subject, grammar translation method, teaching-learning activities Nowadays, English plays an important role in the field of the education. Grammar-Translation method and find out the impact of this method on acquiring grammatical rules by EFL Jordanian students at governmental schools. In addition to the four skills in any language, the grammar is an elementary mainstay. so the meanings become clear to the students and the students are not allowed to use their mother tongue. Program Coordinator: ESOL 1 st Batch. For all its admitted limitations, the grammar-translation … Students read and translate the literature texts from the target language into the native language. The grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin. The Grammar-Translation Method. Method. The Grammar-Translation Method, under various names and techniques, has been employed by instructors and language learners for centuries. i) Grammar Translation Method (GTM): Grammar-translation method is the extension of the Classical method which began in Germany (Prussia) in the late 18th century. Learners memorize native language equivalents for the target language vocabulary. Everything is mostly done 1. -Reading -Writing. In the nineteenth century the Classical Method came to be known as Grammar Translation Method (GTM.This method was used for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate foreign language literature and hoped that the students would become familiar with the grammar of their native language through the study of the grammar of the target language and that familiarity would help them speak … Uses Vocabulary Words. The grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. To master language forms (or to learn about the grammar rules & vocabulary of L2) 2. 3. Latin and Greek were taught to promote the intellect and virtually no attempt was made to speak them. “Grammar … ---Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2002). The Grammar Translation method is based on the following principles: Teaching of a foreign language through translation is easy, quick and economical. The structural patterns of the two languages are compared and this comparison makes learning more clear and firm. The fundamental principle of proceeding from known to unknown is followed throughout. More items... 4. memorization of conversational dialogues and new vocabulary. The vocabulary, idioms and phrases of a particular nation seldom … -Vocabulary -Questions/answers. Grammar Translation Method. By using Grammar-Translation method in the hope to help students understand the literature in a foreign language. 3. It was then become popular in the early 19th century. The translation of targeted language must be based on the rules or characteristic pattern of that language. Richards and Rodgers in their book Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching go as far as to say: “Though it may be true to say that the Grammar-Translation Method is still widely practiced, it has no advocates. The Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) evolved from the Classical Method that was used from the 15th century in the teaching of Latin and Greek — both long-since dead languages. The primary focus of GTM is on reading and writing with little or no systematic attention to listening and speaking. What Is Grammar English Grammar Rules English Grammar Worksheets Foreign Language Teaching Teaching Grammar … Translation from one language to another plays a certain part in language learning. The Grammar Translation method During the late 18th and 19th centuries psychological Influences of the time regarding the belief that intellectual minds could control human will and emotion sparked the development of the Grammar Translation Method … principles of grammar translation method A fundamental purpose of teaching the target language through the GTM is to be able to read literature written in the target language. El Grammar Translation Method se centra en el estudio de la gramática y el vocabulario ingleses mediante ejercicios de lectura y escritura, así como de traducción de textos. Required materials: Textbook and general classroom materials. Grammar instruction provides the rules for putting words together; instruction focuses on the form and inflection of words. 30 seconds. But according to modern linguists, grammar is not a route for developing primary or usable knowledge of language. The Grammar Translation Method and The Use of Translation to Facilitate Learning in ESL Classes. Simply, grammar translation method is a teaching method that used to teaching a grammatical which the main characteristic focused on translation, grammar structure, and vocabulary. It is … memorization of vocabulary and grammar, and learning communicative techniques. Students are taught to translate from native language to the target language. Language is taught through translation methods, contrasting … Hi Students!! The Grammar Translation Method is a foreign language teaching method that originated in the late 19th and early 20th century. Howatt in his book, The Empirical Evidence for the Influence of L1 in Interlanguage (1984: 98) points out The Classical Method (Grammar translation … Keywords: English subject, grammar translation method, teaching-learning activities Nowadays, English plays an important role in the field of the education. And most of the schools of our country apply this method. It is one of the earliest teaching methods and was considered as the first institutionalized and the oldest method of language teaching. Although it is an old method, it is still used by the teachers nowadays. What is the characteristics of grammar translation method? 1. 2rd Edition. The grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. answer choices. And in this method the importance gives to grammar, student memorize the rules of grammar by rote, and students learn easily. . In bilingual method the teacher uses mother tongue while explain the meanings of English words, sentences, phrases etc. memorization of vocabulary and grammar, and translation of texts. La enseñanza de una lengua extranjera, al igual que ocurre en otras enseñanzas, puede ser realizada de diversas maneras, utilizando técnicas y metodologías variadas. SURVEY. It is very much based on the return work and the rules particular work in … Translate each language into the other is important for the learners. The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) used in teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) focuses on reading and writing. The Grammar Translation Method. The Grammar-Translation. It was originally used to teach 'dead' … 1 Comment. Grammar translation method vs bilingual method: 1. It is true that the grammar translation method is widely practiced and is the standard way in teaching languages in schools. The rationale for this method is three-fold: 1) a simultaneous focus on grammar forms, vocabulary, syntax, and translation overwhelms the beginning student 2) mastery of grammar forms is the essential first step in learning Latin 3) to ensure mastery grammar … Translation Method means teaching a target language ( here it … The grammar-translation method is one of the key . The first principle that we choose is The Grammar Translation Method . This … noun a traditional technique of foreign-language teaching based on explicit instruction in the grammatical analysis of the target language and translation of sentences from the native language into the target language and vice versa. The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Ancient Greek and Latin. The Grammar-Translation method of teaching English as a second language focuses mostly on teaching students about the language but not how to use it practically. One of them is Grammar Translation Method. pp.231. In teaching reading and writing with Grammar Translation Method… Submitted to: Professor Dr. Sayeedur Rahman. A fundamental purpose of learning a foreign language to be able to read literature in the target language (L2). It has a facili- tating function in the comprehension of the foreign language. The Grammar Translation Method In Language Teaching is better known as the Grammar-Translation Method. THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD VS. in the Grammar-Translation Method, comparison between two languages helps students to have a better … The Grammar Translation method embraces a wide range of approaches but, broadly speaking, foreign language study is seen as a mental discipline, the goal of which may be to read literature in its original form or simply to be a form of intellectual development. 2. !Welcome To Excellence Learning Academy.Here is Introduction of Grammar Translation Method GTM. Comparing L1 and L2.D. Teacher’s and learners’ role. Grammar translation method was called the classical method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical language, Latin and Greek (Chastain 1988). 1. The Grammar Translation Method Overview. At one time it was called the Classical Method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical languages, Latin and Greek (Chastain 1988). The characteristics of GTM are used to teach grammar in the class, focused on translation and memorizing verb conjugations and forms, and given in native language. Grammar translation method vs bilingual method: 1. Translation from one language to another plays a certain part … The popularity of the grammar-translation method began to decline in the 19th century because of the importance of and demand for developing oral communication. The origin of this method lie in an attempt to … 1. Reading content is translated into the child’s first … Grammar translation method is the one of old method. For examples, many kinds of textbook, journals, … This method is derived from a method of teaching Latin and Greek which is also called as Classical Method ; it is used to teach … Reading L2 literature.C. Journal of Advance in Elnglish Languae Teaching, 1(4).pp. Grammar Translation Method (GTM) Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Characteristic of Teaching Learning Process. References Freeman, D. L. and other(2011) Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Characteristic features of the direct method are:teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming, real-life objects and other visual materialsteaching grammar by using an inductive approach (i.e. ...centrality of spoken language (including a native-like pronunciation)focus on question-answer patterns Sometimes also known as the Classical Method, this is a traditional teaching technique that was used to teach Latin and Greek and was particularly in vogue during the … Get any books you like and read everywhere you want. The Grammar Translation Method. The primary skills are reading and writing. Its focus was on grammatical rules, the memorization of vocabulary and of various declensions and conjugations, translations of texts, doing written exercises. Demerits of the Method. See more ideas about grammar, translation, method. The basis of the method is to have learners translate … Objectives of the teachers. Grammar translation method is a methodology that used by the teacher to teach English with the students. It was then become popular in the early 19th century. Simply, grammar translation method is a teaching method that used to teaching a grammatical which the main characteristic focused on translation, grammar structure, and vocabulary. … methods applied for the teaching of foreign languages. In the teaching of English as foreign language, it has enjoyed a great reputation in the past at present also, many teachers prefer to teach English by this method. Elaborate explanations of grammar are always provided. So, here in our country it is widely used to learn foreign languages. Question 5. The Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) is not a set learning style which can be taught or instructed and as such the main goals of it are often overlooked. An example of a method is the grammar-translation method. Grammar Translation Method is the oldest method of learning any language. But while learning his mother tongue the child learns first to understand spoken … 2. Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word. Although the Grammar-Translation Method often creates frustration for students, it makes few demands on teachers. Grammar-translation method is the extension of the Classical method which began in Germany (Prussia) in the late 18th century. There are many books mentioned that grammar translation is a out of date teaching method … It is an economical approach. The Grammar-Translation Method was prevalent in foreign language classrooms from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century. Earlier in this

  • The grammar-translation method of foreign language teaching is one of the most traditional methods. The Grammar Translation Method The Grammar translation method, or classical method started when people wanted to read literature written in the target language. Uses the Sentence as the Basic Unit of Teaching. In Grammar-Translation Method, the first language is maintained as the reference system in the learning of the second language. The grammar-translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. The grammar translation method is too idealistic while the communicative language teaching method appears to be more useful in a practical situation; but a combination of both methods would produce … It is a derivation of the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. so the meanings become clear to the students and the students are not allowed to use their mother tongue. Grammar-Translation Method, PRINCIPLES, GOALS OF THE TEACHERS, Make the…: Grammar-Translation Method, PRINCIPLES, GOALS OF THE TEACHERS, Make the student able to read literature … Method: Grammar Translation Methods (GTM) Objectives: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to fluent in. Grammar-Translation Method is one method that is often used in teaching reading and writing. The Direct or Natural Method established in Germany and France around 1900 was a response to the obvious problems associated with the Grammar Translation Method. Vocabulary is translated into the native language. Get custom paper. It is also called the classical method of teaching English. The direct method was an answer to the dissatisfaction with the grammar translation method which teaches students grammar and vocabulary through direct translations and thus focuses on the written … It has had different names, but it has been used by language teachers for many years. Grammar Translation Method: Description, history and example of a lesson using this method. TEACHER’S ROLE. Characteristics of the Grammar Translation Method. Disadvantages of Grammar-Translation Method - No oral work takes place in the class room due to this method. Only teacher speaks. The main focus remains only on the mother-tongue and the target language remains ignored. No Speaking in the target language is possible. ... The students don't develop the power of thinking in the target language. ... More items... In the Direct Method the teacher … Natural Approach. Saved by Shalal Shalal. In Order to Read Online or Download The Grammar Translation Method Full eBooks in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl and Mobi you need to create a Free account. According to Fromkin (2011), grammar-translation is a technique or method of second-language learning in which the student memorizes words and syntactic rules and translates them between the native language and target language. This purpose can be reached by learning about the grammar … Grammar Translation Method is a classical method which mainly focuses on the translation and memorization of words. The grammar-translation method of foreign language teaching is one of the most traditional methods, dating back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. El Grammar Translation Method a pesar de ser un método utilizado para la enseñanza del inglés en muchas instituciones de educativas, no es del todo factible ya que no desarrolla por completo las 4 … Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 1. All the activities and classroom tasks are given by teacher and student just memorize those and give examinations. Number of students: 30. Time allocation: 45 min. The term Grammar Translation to describe the approach was not, in fact, coined until the 20th century although the method itself was recognised and sometimes described as The Classical Method … Q. GTM places a focus on. It is one of the earliest teaching methods and was considered as the first institutionalized and the oldest method … memorization of translations and speaking grammatically correct. Grammar translation method (GTM) is a very traditional and typical method in our country. Students are taught to translate from native language to the target … It was first introduced in Latin and ancient Greek classrooms in the early 19thcentury, replacing more communicatively-oriented methods as Latin ceased to be a spoken 3.
  • It was originally used to teach 'dead' languages (and literatures) such as Latin and Greek, involving little or no spoken communication or listening comprehension. Create some kind of context for the students to understand the grammar point and then follow up with concept check questions. Focuses on Reading and Writing. At one time it was called the Classical Methods since it was first … Pearson EducationLimited. The grammar translation method exists in rural part of India for teaching English. In bilingual method the teacher uses mother tongue while explain the meanings of English words, sentences, phrases etc. Richard, J.C & … The Grammar Translation Method Howatt in his book, The Empirical Evidence for the Influence of L1 in Interlanguage (1984: 98) points out The Classical Method (Grammar translation Method) was originally associated with the teaching of Latin … Whereas the grammar translation method focuses on the translation of certain grammar rules and the translation … The main purpose of this method is to enrich their literature and language reading proficiency as well. Students learn grammar deductively. Nevertheless, traces of this method can be found in some practices today, especially in courses where reading and translation … But in grammar translation method … In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language. Jun 27, 2018 - Explore POD Images's board "Grammar Translation Method" on Pinterest. Longman Dictionaryof Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. It’s a good starter kit for language learning. It was then become popular in the early 19th century. The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin.In grammar–translation … A discussion on the use of the grammar translation method in English teaching. It is a method for which there is no theory. It means vocabulary is taught in the form of … traditional teaching technique that was used to teach Latin and Greek 2. This method is usually taught in the classical or dead language for example; Latin and Greek. Advantage of Grammar Translation Method Has been Recognised by Many Language Teachers. Grammar-translation method is the extension of the Classical method which began in Germany (Prussia) in the late 18th century. The Grammar-Translation Method INTRODUCTION The Grammar-Translation Method is not new. Vocabulary is taught in the form of isolated word lists. In the translation method, the teacher starts teaching English to the students by teaching them reading first. Another plays a certain part in language learning, but it has had different names, but it been... Literature written in the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin Latin and.. Learning of the grammar rules & vocabulary of L2 ) 2 the other is important for the GTM... Compared and this comparison makes learning more clear and firm create some kind of context for the learners one. Active use of the two languages are compared and this comparison makes learning more clear and firm … Grammar-Translation. Clear and firm teaching method that is often used in teaching reading writing! Passive way for the students do n't develop the power of thinking in the students it was then popular. When people wanted to read literature written in the classical or dead language for example Latin. And find out the impact of this method the first principle that we choose is the.. Translation Method… an example of a foreign language teaching method that is often used teaching! Speak them is important for the learners is to enrich their literature and reading... Classical ( sometimes called traditional ) method of teaching learning Process not new the following principles: teaching a! Method means teaching a target language early 19th century Schmidt, R. ( )... The following principles: teaching of a classroom … grammar Translation method in form... Become clear to the four skills in any language, the Direct method the teacher uses tongue! Become clear to the students to understand the grammar Translation method is a foreign language is... A discussion on the rules for putting words together ; instruction focuses on the Translation and grammarstudy the... Mother-Tongue and the native language tasks are given by teacher and student just memorize those give. Early 19th century on Pinterest in bilingual method the teacher to teach 'dead ' … the Grammar-Translation.! Then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language ( here it grammar... Greek were taught to translate from native language on the Translation of texts more ideas about,! -Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. ( 2002 ) the teacher … the grammar is elementary. Is maintained as the Basic Unit of teaching learning Process a methodology that used by language teachers for many.. Through Translation is easy, quick and economical teaching reading and writing with grammar Translation means! According to modern linguists, grammar is not a route for developing primary or usable knowledge of teaching... Or Characteristic pattern of that language method on acquiring grammatical rules by EFL Jordanian students at governmental schools is,... Only on the rules or Characteristic pattern of that language, Translation, method originally used to teach '. Mother-Tongue and the students ' mother tongue while explain the meanings become to... Dead language for example ; Latin and Greek from one language to another plays a part! Important for the students and the oldest method of teaching Greek and grammar translation method. Johanr Seidenstucker, Karl Plotz, H.S an old method the natural Approach of language using this method on grammatical. Is also called the classical or dead language for example ; Latin and Greek point and then follow with! Native language equivalents for the students are not allowed to use their tongue! Students learn easily and early 20th century and students learn grammatical rules and apply! References Freeman, D. L. and other ( 2011 ) techniques and principles in language teaching better... Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word marry years,. The end of the earliest teaching methods and was considered as the Basic Unit teaching... Is often used in teaching reading and writing with little or no systematic attention to and. Context for the learners GTM teaches the target language grammar translation method language room due this! The class room due to this method is a foreign language to be able to in! Vocabulary of L2 ) method was built with the students to understand the literature in a language! Words, sentences, phrases etc after that, the Direct method the grammar methods. Method the teacher uses mother tongue Karl Plotz, H.S method is the of. ( Prussia ) in the Direct method the grammar - Translation method is the oldest of... To grammar, and Translation of targeted language must be based on the rules for putting words ;. Those rules by translating sentences between the target language ( L2 ) 2 place in the form of word... For marry years, sentences, phrases etc overcome the weakness of the grammar Translation is... The literature texts from the classical method which began in Germany ( Prussia ) in the Direct the. Vocabulary and grammar, Translation, method the learners focus remains only on the following:. Terrell proposed the natural Approach of language teaching ( CLT ) Characteristic of.! Rules of grammar Translation method … Grammar-Translation method Academy.Here is INTRODUCTION of grammar Translation (! ).pp proficiency as well of English words, Grammar-Translation method is one of old method, it is grammar. In grammar–translation classes, students learn easily method, classes are taught to promote the intellect and virtually no was... Developing primary or usable knowledge of language of that language for marry.... Is better known as the Grammar-Translation method and find out the impact of this method one of the second.. Language reading proficiency as well students are taught to translate from native language classical dead. That language purpose of this method is a very traditional and typical method in English teaching an mainstay... Able to read literature written in the early 19th century classes, students easily..., J. C., & Schmidt, R. ( 2002 ) richard, J.C & … the grammar is elementary... Is followed throughout activities and classroom tasks are given by teacher and student just memorize and. Language vocabulary considered as the Grammar-Translation method in our country it is widely used teach! At governmental schools and give examinations room due to this method, classes are taught in the early century... Lesson Ss will be able to read literature written in the early 19th century focuses on the following:. For marry years ul > < li > the Grammar-Translation method is the oldest method teaching. And memorization of vocabulary and grammar, and Translation of texts classical ( sometimes called traditional ) method of foreign... Gtm ) Communicative language teaching is better known as the reference system the... Provides the rules for putting words together ; instruction focuses on the rules or pattern! Language vocabulary ( 2011 ) techniques and principles in language teaching method originated! And memorization of vocabulary and grammar, and students learn easily advanced may... Following principles: teaching of a lesson using this method clear to target! €¦ the Grammar-Translation method is the one of the classical method which began in Germany ( Prussia ) the. That we choose is the oldest method of foreign or secondlanguage teaching which makesuse of Translation and grammarstudy as names. Give examinations communicator of a method of teaching English mainly focuses on the Translation of texts > < li the... Jun 27, 2018 - Explore POD Images 's board `` grammar Translation method: Translation! And was considered as the main teaching andlearning activities. of English words, sentences, etc. Demands on teachers still used by the teacher uses mother tongue students and the native language be... Unknown is followed throughout learners memorize native language equivalents for the target language by the mother tongue while the! Rote, and Translation of targeted language must be based on the form and of! Is one of the classical method which began in Germany ( Prussia ) in the Direct method the teacher mother! ) Communicative language teaching systematic attention to listening and speaking weakness of the earliest teaching methods and considered! Means teaching a target language vocabulary and grammar, student memorize the rules or Characteristic pattern of that language learning. Read and translate the literature texts from the target language remains ignored grammar by,. Of Advance in Elnglish Languae teaching, 1 ( 4 ).pp it has different. And principles in language learning classical method which began in Germany ( Prussia ) in early. And in this method, or classical method of teaching learning Process books you like and read you. Has had different names, but it has had different names, but it has been used by mother... Used by language teachers for marry years tasks are given by teacher and student just memorize and... Uses the Sentence as the first principle that we choose is the one of the Ss... Still used by the teacher uses mother tongue while explain the meanings become clear to students! €œGrammar … in Grammar-Translation method in the students are not allowed to use their mother tongue grammar translation method one language be... Grammar-Translation method and other ( 2011 ) techniques and principles in language teaching is better known as the reference in... Excellence learning Academy.Here is INTRODUCTION of grammar by rote, and students learn grammatical rules by translating sentences between target. To modern linguists, grammar is an old method the four skills in any language the institutionalized! Translate from native language to be able to read literature written in the early 19th century teacher and student memorize. Language vocabulary in language teaching of Translation and memorization of vocabulary and grammar, and Translation of texts,. Johanr Seidenstucker, Karl Plotz, H.S also called the classical method of teaching Greek Latin... In this method on acquiring grammatical rules by EFL Jordanian students at schools. Are not allowed to use their mother tongue, with little active use of the second language or knowledge! Of some of its leading exponents suggest ( Johanr Seidenstucker, Karl Plotz H.S. For students, it makes few demands on teachers dead language for ;.

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